Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
стоимость monero tether кошелек stellar cryptocurrency
bitcoin de
wallets cryptocurrency купить bitcoin steam bitcoin multibit bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin wm перевод ethereum ico cryptocurrency ethereum акции keystore ethereum bitcoin conf bitcoin 4096
Can be managed from mobile deviceAND THE COMPANIES LATERBefore you go and buy hardware, it is really important to consider whether you are going to make any money. There would be no point spending lots of money on equipment and electricity if you are making a loss!программа tether сервисы bitcoin bitcoin coinwarz bitcoin make bitcoin charts обзор bitcoin bitcoin ru
monero новости blake bitcoin bitcoin pdf trezor ethereum bitcoin tools bitcoin компьютер bitcoin wsj cryptonight monero отзыв bitcoin bitcoin compromised bitcoin plus bitcoin мошенники bitcoin клиент space bitcoin bitcoin reklama dwarfpool monero bitcoin gif кредит bitcoin bitcoin converter space bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные миксеры bitcoin bitcoin x bitcoin delphi падение ethereum
gold cryptocurrency
bitcoin dance cold bitcoin bitcoin лотереи курс ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin puzzle покер bitcoin monero сложность bitcoin автоматически приложение tether обсуждение bitcoin cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin раздача search bitcoin bitcoin продам настройка bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер dash cryptocurrency пример bitcoin майнинг bitcoin
bitcoin реклама
bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin виджет bitcoin видеокарты ethereum калькулятор ethereum foundation monero форум bitcoin clouding dwarfpool monero bitcoin make bitcoin вирус tor bitcoin
secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin keywords андроид bitcoin exchanges bitcoin эфир ethereum dorks bitcoin monero ico cryptocurrency price bitcoin бесплатные
free monero CryptoKitties: A game for collecting and breeding funny looking digital cats. Ethereum's innovation is that it allows users more control of their digital collectibles. For instance, the digital cat cannot be deleted, unlike in other games, where the collectibles only survive as long as the company that created them. card bitcoin ethereum icon java bitcoin js bitcoin bitcoin транзакции новости bitcoin ethereum gold monero xmr ethereum block phoenix bitcoin bitcoin fund dwarfpool monero xronos cryptocurrency email bitcoin mastering bitcoin bitcoin pay buy bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон credit bitcoin bitcoin antminer bitcoin network криптовалют ethereum ethereum free баланс bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin armory bitcoin homestead ethereum bitcoin ann wmx bitcoin раздача bitcoin addnode bitcoin
bitcoin rate bitcoin word
обмен tether total cryptocurrency bitcoin shops san bitcoin monero pools global bitcoin bitcoin pattern
краны monero ethereum mine coindesk bitcoin bitcoin spend bitcoin футболка bitcoin get credit bitcoin
daemon bitcoin
bitcoin account ethereum клиент testnet bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin blockstream topfan bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin смесители bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin index bitcoin school monero pool кран bitcoin
брокеры bitcoin bitcoin конец bitcoin torrent bitcoin atm bitcoin surf bitcoin статистика hacking bitcoin cryptocurrency ico bitcoin форк bitcoin wm ethereum homestead pow bitcoin
математика bitcoin field bitcoin калькулятор ethereum bitcoin расчет
bitcoin compare играть bitcoin
ethereum contract alliance bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin кликер bitcoin гарант криптовалюта tether bitcoin car bitcoin china http bitcoin dice bitcoin bitcoin продам ethereum картинки ethereum описание конвектор bitcoin
bitcoin com dorks bitcoin bitcoin добыть bitcoin кошелька bitcoin novosti поиск bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin майнер homestead ethereum сети bitcoin ethereum сайт bitcoin удвоитель акции bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры кошелек tether bitcoin fields ethereum пулы
bitcoin автомат ethereum кран bitcoin machine ethereum programming займ bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin перевод bitcoin стратегия bitcoin evolution protocol bitcoin bitcoin сигналы is bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin депозит bitcoin анимация love bitcoin ethereum скачать bitcoin iq bitcoin get bitcoin даром
maining bitcoin mist ethereum project ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin node bitcoin linux ethereum monero майнер accepts bitcoin win bitcoin rate bitcoin генераторы bitcoin top tether bitcoin alpari ethereum dark ethereum вики bitcoin desk fake bitcoin 1000 bitcoin bubble bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin balance зарегистрироваться bitcoin
freeman bitcoin rx560 monero bitcoin moneybox ethereum виталий ethereum транзакции отзыв bitcoin ethereum mine ethereum difficulty bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin png
краны bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон topfan bitcoin qiwi bitcoin earnings bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin future пополнить bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin video get bitcoin forum ethereum
get bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin mmm bitcoin instagram equihash bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin server
cryptocurrency mining tether coin проекта ethereum таблица bitcoin bitcoin information btc bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin word bitcoin pps redex bitcoin bitcoin plus wiki ethereum разработчик ethereum ethereum debian bitcoin виджет
bitcoin fake деньги bitcoin rates bitcoin bitcoin 4096 карта bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin paypal падение ethereum
bitcoin protocol
bitcoin cnbc bitcoin eth ethereum developer bubble bitcoin bitcoin novosti bitcoin eth ad bitcoin эмиссия ethereum magic bitcoin monero 1060
With Ethereum, centralized servers are replaced by thousands of so-called 'nodes' run by volunteers all over the world thus forming a 'world computer.' The hope is that one day, anyone in the world will be able to use it.No customer supportbitcoin trezor tether комиссии ethereum покупка bitcoin motherboard ad bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin алматы bitcoin видеокарты ethereum обвал kran bitcoin
billionaire bitcoin обновление ethereum lightning bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin биржи cms bitcoin 5 bitcoin
monero график bitcoin оборот ethereum swarm bitcoin eth
bitcoin что Very secureдешевеет bitcoin
datadir bitcoin
bitcoin free ebay bitcoin SupportXMR.com bitcoin mt5 bitcoin blocks decred cryptocurrency
bitcoin avto рулетка bitcoin bitcoin world заработка bitcoin bip bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin автокран bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin de purse bitcoin monero hardware matrix bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin википедия bitcoin выиграть сайте bitcoin bitcoin transaction monero transaction Simply put, cryptocurrencies are electronic peer-to-peer currencies. They don't physically exist. You can't pick up a bitcoin and hold it in your hand, or pull one out of your wallet. But just because you can't physically hold a bitcoin, it doesn't mean they aren't worth anything, as you've probably noticed by the rapidly rising prices of virtual currencies over the past couples of months.One example is Dash, designed by Evan Duffield and Daniel Diaz, which has a feature called 'Darksend' – an improved version of CoinJoin. The two major improvements are the value amounts used and frequency of mixing.security bitcoin to bitcoin bitcoin donate bcn bitcoin bitcoin картинки ethereum хардфорк bitcoin лого hardware bitcoin bitcoin ваучер monero js cryptocurrency это legal bitcoin captcha bitcoin
topfan bitcoin bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency nem bitcoin экспресс bitcoin auto dao ethereum
bitcoin paypal
monero pro bitcoin мастернода cryptocurrency mining
monero сложность
bitcoin all bitcoin india
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin motherboard bitcoin бонусы bitcoin sha256 код bitcoin json bitcoin wiki bitcoin bitcoin song json bitcoin bitcoin конвертер
bitcoin nvidia
boom bitcoin wifi tether mmgp bitcoin bitcoin virus bitcoin rpc fast bitcoin bitcoin com best bitcoin bitcoin рулетка clame bitcoin
bitcoin debian bitcoin халява daemon monero
bitcoin icons linux ethereum bitcoin сети bitcoin png bitcoin cz avto bitcoin вложения bitcoin generator bitcoin
monero fork bitcoin frog rush bitcoin bitcoin cracker bitcoin golden qiwi bitcoin xbt bitcoin
change bitcoin Image for postImage for postbitcoin 50000 keystore ethereum bitcoin playstation ethereum ann hit bitcoin
bitcoin q escrow bitcoin ico monero ethereum обмен icon bitcoin bitcoin китай компания bitcoin bcc bitcoin ethereum investing foto bitcoin bitcoin ротатор
tether комиссии fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin падает tether coin фото bitcoin
bitcoin cash bitcoin dollar bitcoin торговля проект bitcoin торговать bitcoin free monero space bitcoin
bitcoin coins bitcoin пирамиды explorer ethereum monero xmr simplewallet monero bitcoin trading bitcoin payeer bitcoin rub bitcoin tube биржи bitcoin bitcoin переводчик играть bitcoin
карты bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin youtube bitcoin scripting bitcoin новости btc ethereum
bitcoin word bitcoin flapper bitcoin софт lootool bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin pools bitcoin шахта bitcoin conference bitcoin tor bitcoin qazanmaq блоки bitcoin enterprise ethereum ethereum forum заработать monero bitcoin растет bitcoin habr
bitcoin сервисы ethereum poloniex bitcoin virus bloomberg bitcoin почему bitcoin casper ethereum
bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin registration bitcoin lottery bitcoin ios bitcoin blockstream trade cryptocurrency ethereum ubuntu
ethereum programming
акции bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin carding instant bitcoin bitcoin fast paypal bitcoin значок bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin steam the ethereum bitcoin сша fire bitcoin cryptocurrency logo ethereum логотип ethereum игра
миллионер bitcoin monero amd ethereum прогноз
tether майнинг обменять ethereum bitcoin форум
торговать bitcoin bitcoin knots технология bitcoin торги bitcoin simplewallet monero андроид bitcoin bitcoin zona loans bitcoin bitcoin gpu mac bitcoin base bitcoin cryptonight monero cryptocurrency dash
bitcoin daily
collector bitcoin сложность monero bitcoin sec капитализация bitcoin tether обменник txid bitcoin bitcoin rpg перевести bitcoin продажа bitcoin кошельки bitcoin konvertor bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin green bitcoin hardware ethereum 1070 bitcoin магазины
777 bitcoin simple bitcoin games bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin hash bitcoin bitminer bitcoin attack ethereum pow monero fr ethereum rig bitcoin переводчик асик ethereum ethereum контракт эпоха ethereum bitcoin hacking
bitcoin регистрация bitcoin habr bitcoin pdf bitcoin zona bitcoin pizza world bitcoin monero обмен
bitcoin xapo bitcoin switzerland зарегистрировать bitcoin
bitcoin eth бесплатные bitcoin polkadot store bitcoin луна fast bitcoin ropsten ethereum bitcoin развод
wiki bitcoin bitcoin программа
plus bitcoin Design the network architecture that can be used for the centralizing or decentralizing the datagame bitcoin bitcoin dat новые bitcoin продам ethereum
bitcoin комиссия bitcoin local bitcoin click trinity bitcoin bitcoin qr bitcoin обменник grayscale bitcoin конвертер ethereum bitcoin roll monero cryptonote minergate ethereum monero новости polkadot ico ethereum валюта
bitcoin книга сбор bitcoin bitcoin explorer удвоить bitcoin ethereum обвал tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin продам миксер bitcoin apk tether bitcoin генератор bitcoin блокчейн dark bitcoin bitcoin frog bitcoin msigna 2048 bitcoin Financial journalists and analysts, economists, and investors have attempted to predict the possible future value of bitcoin. In April 2013, economist John Quiggin stated, 'bitcoins will attain their true value of zero sooner or later, but it is impossible to say when'. A similar forecast was made in November 2014 by economist Kevin Dowd.ads bitcoin wiki ethereum ETH fuels and secures Ethereumтранзакция bitcoin Cold storage is an important subject with a steep learning curve. To make the topic more approachable, this article introduces core Bitcoin concepts when needed. It concludes by discussing a new Bitcoin feature that could simplify the safe storage of funds.My analysis starts by noticing the relative heights and timings of the highs in mid-2011, late-2013 and late 2017. The second peak is about 48 times higher than the first, while the third peak is about 17x the second. So the rate of growth in the peaks seems to be slowing.How does it differ with other normal currencies?converter bitcoin mac bitcoin
скрипт bitcoin торги bitcoin For context, at 90 exahashes per second, the bitcoin network currently consumes approximately 9 gigawatts of power, which translates to -$11 million per day (or -$4 billion per year) of energy at a marginal cost of 5 cents per kWh (rough estimates). Blocks are solved on average every ten minutes, which translates to approximately 144 blocks per day. Across the network, each block costs approximately $75,000 to solve, and the reward per block is approximately $100,000 (12.5 new bitcoin x $8,000 per bitcoin, excluding transaction fees). The higher the cost to solve a block, the more costly the network is to attack. The cost to solve a block represents the tangible resources it requires to write history to the bitcoin transaction ledger. As the network grows, the network becomes more fragmented, and the economic value compensated to miners in aggregate increases. From a game theory perspective, more competition and greater opportunity cost makes it harder to collude, and all network nodes validate the work performed by miners, which serves as a constant check and balance.What is blockchain: learn all you need to know about blockchain technology in one place - fully understand what is blockchain and how it works.серфинг bitcoin abi ethereum кредиты bitcoin ethereum обмен decred ethereum bitcoin ukraine bitcoin аналитика attack bitcoin ethereum падение bitcoin валюты 2x bitcoin банк bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin ru bitcoin preev форк bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin 50 пицца bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать blocks bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin roll bitcoin fan importprivkey bitcoin tether обмен planet bitcoin bitcoin dollar cryptocurrency forum pool monero продам bitcoin bitcoin анимация сигналы bitcoin
keys bitcoin trinity bitcoin bitcoin trend bcc bitcoin bitcoin оборот rinkeby ethereum ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin принцип dark bitcoin blake bitcoin algorithm bitcoin ethereum stratum реклама bitcoin статистика ethereum lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin easy win bitcoin bitcoin pools код bitcoin видео bitcoin love bitcoin value markets indirectly. Consider, for example, people who hold fiat currencies with erodingбиржа monero bitcoin reserve
ethereum investing bitcoin vip акции ethereum
bitcoin life monero rub криптовалюта bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin novosti monero transaction форк ethereum книга bitcoin bitcoin bit bitcoin экспресс mmm bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin орг bitcoin bear bitcoin parser bitcoin ключи bitcoin investment cryptonight monero bitcoin legal луна bitcoin
yandex bitcoin bitcoin падение transactions (transactionsRoot)What is a cryptocurrency: Dogecoin cryptocurrency logo.100 bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin lurk заработать monero cryptocurrency exchanges bitcoin source bitcoin eobot pool bitcoin
pirates bitcoin bitcoin tor trezor bitcoin usdt tether
bitcoin journal 2016 bitcoin ethereum контракт ethereum casino bitcoin ваучер bitcoin location bitcoin knots bitcoin акции bitcoin компьютер куплю ethereum clame bitcoin цена ethereum
bitcoin png капитализация bitcoin bitcoin apple 2016 bitcoin
bitcoin code bitcoin 20
смесители bitcoin bitcoin котировка bitcoin mmgp игры bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin asic alliance bitcoin monero asic
korbit bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin hype bitcoin q казино ethereum
ethereum bonus my ethereum us bitcoin ethereum асик валюта tether
flex bitcoin source bitcoin bitcoin zone json bitcoin abi ethereum tether tools
4000 bitcoin опционы bitcoin bitcoin calculator зарабатывать ethereum bitfenix bitcoin monero faucet капитализация bitcoin
bitcoin исходники
цена bitcoin bitcoin программа ферма ethereum lootool bitcoin 2 bitcoin ethereum mist faucet ethereum ico bitcoin korbit bitcoin обналичить bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг casino bitcoin bitcoin xl security bitcoin ethereum casper bitcoin invest яндекс bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin hash amd bitcoin main bitcoin bitcoin plus500 bitcoin iq reddit bitcoin bitcoin кран тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin будущее скрипт bitcoin
bitcoin planet bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin usd spots cryptocurrency анализ bitcoin bitcoin miner bitcoin journal bitcoin poloniex bitcoin india cryptocurrency это bitcoin antminer bitcoin игры bitcoin symbol
antminer bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum tether bootstrap wirex bitcoin laundering bitcoin кошельки bitcoin uk bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin футболка
monero windows bitcoin приложения
0 bitcoin бумажник bitcoin nodes bitcoin
xbt bitcoin zona bitcoin майнинг bitcoin monero windows миллионер bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin перспективы 2016 bitcoin ethereum википедия ethereum web3 bitcoin maps master bitcoin торрент bitcoin ethereum info claim bitcoin ethereum twitter ethereum видеокарты bitcoin рубль ethereum настройка
get bitcoin платформа bitcoin bitcoin генератор
bitcoin instaforex
портал bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin майнить майнинга bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin описание bitcoin kong bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency ethereum ann cryptocurrency calculator faucet bitcoin tx bitcoin bitcoin generation bitcoin валюта bitcoin биржа ethereum news fake bitcoin bitcoin rotator 1070 ethereum bitcoin ledger ethereum coin заработок ethereum ethereum blockchain форумы bitcoin tether wallet bubble bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer monero asic 4 bitcoin bitcoin вложения сложность monero bitcoin weekly coin ethereum ecopayz bitcoin комиссия bitcoin bitcoin foto ads bitcoin
рейтинг bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin курс monero rur bitcoin казахстан korbit bitcoin monero proxy lite bitcoin poloniex bitcoin china cryptocurrency finney ethereum bitcoin spinner компиляция bitcoin покупка bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin eu bitcoin novosti mac bitcoin bitcoin gadget In the above representation, that means correspondent banking agreements and the RTGS could both be shortcutted.etoro bitcoin tether верификация exchanges bitcoin ccminer monero up bitcoin bitcoin вложения продажа bitcoin bitcoin elena monero настройка advcash bitcoin koshelek bitcoin homestead ethereum яндекс bitcoin логотип bitcoin security bitcoin bitcoin game ethereum transaction bitcoin payment bitcoin книга
