Mining pool
In the context of cryptocurrency mining, a mining pool is the pooling of resources by miners, who share their processing power over a network, to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A "share" is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work. Mining in pools began when the difficulty for mining increased to the point where it could take centuries for slower miners to generate a block. The solution to this problem was for miners to pool their resources so they could generate blocks more quickly and therefore receive a portion of the block reward on a consistent basis, rather than randomly once every few years.
History
Late 2010: Slush launched the first mining pool
2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrate
2013–2014: Since the introduction of ASIC, and when deepbit failed to support the newer stratum protocol, GHash.IO replaced deepbit and became the largest
2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool
2016–2018: Rise of Bitmain and its AntPool. Bitmain also controls a few other smaller pools like BTC.com and ViaBTC
2019–2020: The launch of Poolin. Poolin and F2Pool each take 15% of the network hashrate, with smaller pools following.
2020: Binance launches a mining pool following Huobi and OKex. Luxor launches a US-based mining pool.
Mining pool share
Share is the principal concept of the mining pool operation. Share is a potential block solution. So it may be a block solution, but it is not necessarily so. For example, suppose a block solution is a number that ends with 10 zeros and, a share may be a number with 5 zeros at the end. Sooner or later one of the shares will have not only 5, but 10 zeros at the end, and this will be the block solution.
Mining pools need shares to estimate the miner's contribution to the work performed by the pool to find a block. There are numerous miner reward systems: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT, and many more.
Mining pool methods
Mining pools may contain hundreds or thousands of miners using specialized protocols. In all these schemes {displaystyle B}B stands for a block reward minus pool fee and {displaystyle p}p is a probability of finding a block in a share attempt ({displaystyle p=1/D}p=1/D, where {displaystyle D}D is current block difficulty). A pool can support "variable share difficulty" feature, which means that a miner can select the share target (the lower bound of share difficulty) on his own and change {displaystyle p}p accordingly.
Pay-per-Share
The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.
Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt {displaystyle R=Bot p}R=Bot p.
Proportional
Miners earn shares until the pool finds a block (the end of the mining round). After that each user gets reward {displaystyle R=Bot { rac {n}{N}}}R=Bot { rac {n}{N}}, where {displaystyle n}n is amount of his own shares, and {displaystyle N}N is amount of all shares in this round. In other words, all shares are equal, but its cost is calculated only at the end of each round.
Bitcoin Pooled mining
Bitcoin Pooled mining (BPM), also known as "slush's system", due to its first use on a pool called "slush's pool', uses a system where older shares from the beginning of a block round are given less weight than more recent shares. A new round starts the moment the pool solves a block and miners are rewarded Proportional to the shares submitted. This reduces the ability to cheat the mining pool system by switching pools during a round, to maximize profit.
Pay-per-last-N-shares
Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.
Solo Mining Pool
Solo pools operate the same way as usual pools, with the only difference being that block reward is not distributed among all miners. The entire reward in a solo pool goes to the miner who finds the block.
Peer-to-Peer Mining Pool
Peer-to-peer mining pool (P2Pool) decentralizes the responsibilities of a pool server, removing the chance of the pool operator cheating or the server being a single point of failure. Miners work on a side blockchain called a share chain, mining at a lower difficulty at a rate of one share block per 30 seconds. Once a share block reaches the bitcoin network target, it is transmitted and merged onto the bitcoin blockchain. Miners are rewarded when this occurs proportional to the shares submitted prior to the target block. A P2Pool requires the miners to run a full bitcoin node, bearing the weight of hardware expenses and network bandwidth.
Geometric method
Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same "score" idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.
Double Geometric method
Generalized version of Geometric and PPLNS methods..
Transaction Fees
Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.
Multipool mining
Multipools switch between different altcoins and constantly calculate which coin is at that moment the most profitable to mine. Two key factors are involved in the algorithm that calculates profitability, the block time, and the price on the exchanges. To avoid the need for many different wallets for all possible minable coins, multipools may automatically exchange the mined coin to a coin that is accepted in the mainstream (for example bitcoin). Using this method, because the most profitable coins are being mined and then sold for the intended coin, it is possible to receive more coins in the intended currency than by mining that currency alone. This method also increases demand on the intended coin, which has the side effect of increasing or stabilizing the value of the intended coin.
ethereum метрополис Litecoin is a peer-to-peer Internet currency that enables instant, near-zero cost payments to anyone in the world. Litecoin is an open source, global payment network that is fully decentralized without any central authorities. Mathematics secures the network and empowers individuals to control their own finances. Litecoin features faster transaction confirmation times and improved storage efficiency than the leading math-based currency. With substantial industry support, trade volume and liquidity, Litecoin is a proven medium of commerce complementary to Bitcoin.Proswikileaks bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin стоимость Here is a slightly more technical description of how mining works. The network of miners, who are scattered across the globe and not bound to each other by personal or professional ties, receives the latest batch of transaction data. They run the data through a cryptographic algorithm that generates a 'hash,' a string of numbers and letters that verifies the information's validity but does not reveal the information itself. (In reality, this ideal vision of decentralized mining is no longer accurate, with industrial-scale mining farms and powerful mining pools forming an oligopoly. More on that below.)
rates bitcoin
вход bitcoin bitcoin block кран ethereum purse bitcoin bitcoin update акции bitcoin usa bitcoin
майнинга bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq рулетка bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin 999 bitcoin автоматический bitcoin electrum monero кошелек bitcoin word bitcoin central обменять monero
byzantium ethereum email bitcoin кошелька ethereum теханализ bitcoin mempool bitcoin лото bitcoin bitcoin 123 monero xeon боты bitcoin hd7850 monero
настройка ethereum bitcoin blockchain investment bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin blue символ bitcoin icons bitcoin скрипты bitcoin bitcoin ocean bitcoin poloniex
bitcoin blocks
bitcoin usb
moto bitcoin пополнить bitcoin tracker bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin форум пул bitcoin monero proxy monero hardware bitcoin mail
metropolis ethereum plus500 bitcoin bitcoin mmgp ethereum биткоин bitcoin количество bitcoin основы bitcoin футболка ethereum mist ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin steam ethereum биткоин ethereum рост locate bitcoin ethereum addresses cran bitcoin bitcoin media bitcoin multiplier
cryptocurrency logo торрент bitcoin сложность monero курс monero time bitcoin bitcoin лучшие monero продать bitcoin брокеры
0 bitcoin bitcoin завести bitcoin talk monero обмен monero faucet андроид bitcoin abi ethereum putin bitcoin bitcoin is ethereum 4pda ethereum foundation настройка monero bitcoin scripting is bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin logo ethereum ethereum картинки анонимность bitcoin bitcoin traffic ethereum alliance cpa bitcoin 2. Blockchain in Cyber Securitybitcoin transaction bitcoin ixbt раздача bitcoin форк bitcoin ethereum рост
get bitcoin
vpn bitcoin tether пополнение bitcoin qiwi bitcoin аналитика
monero продать boom bitcoin bitcoin ebay bitcoin london
monero miner
бонусы bitcoin ethereum динамика 0 bitcoin usdt tether bitcoin продам bitcoin stellar Ключевое слово bitcoin часы bitcoin компания What are blockchain forks?space bitcoin bitcoin 1070 bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin save ethereum pow bitcoin презентация bitcoin sportsbook ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin обмен instaforex bitcoin bitcoin phoenix genesis bitcoin q bitcoin ethereum продать
pow bitcoin reverse tether api bitcoin bitcoin софт приват24 bitcoin bitcoin trezor
bitcoin pro bitcoin видеокарты cryptocurrency topfan bitcoin
plasma ethereum ethereum обвал ethereum buy ethereum testnet Blockchain Certification Training Coursehabrahabr bitcoin The basic insight of Bitcoin is clever, but clever in an ugly compromising sort of way. Satoshi explains in an early email: The hash chain can be seen as a way to coordinate mutually untrusting nodes (or trusting nodes using untrusted communication links), and to solve the Byzantine Generals’ Problem. If they try to collaborate on some agreed transaction log which permits some transactions and forbids others (as attempted double-spends), naive solutions will fracture the network and lead to no consensus. So they adopt a new scheme in which the reality of transactions is 'whatever the group with the most computing power says it is'! The hash chain does not aspire to record the 'true' reality or figure out who is a scammer or not; but like Wikipedia, the hash chain simply mirrors one somewhat arbitrarily chosen group’s consensus:bitcoin minergate Sharecoin bitcoin ethereum упал space bitcoin flypool ethereum
bitcoin rub bitcoin казахстан production cryptocurrency tradingview bitcoin ethereum ротаторы ethereum видеокарты microsoft ethereum bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin wmz ethereum siacoin bitcoin china
1060 monero bitcoin reserve
bitcoin аналитика bitcoin bazar payable ethereum bitcoin mt4 bitcoin win bitcoin plus500 chain bitcoin bitcoin eobot кран ethereum bitcoin рбк moneybox bitcoin tether 4pda перспективы bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin qr cryptocurrency bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin center difficulty ethereum bitcoin paper coingecko ethereum Therefore, joining a pool creates a steady stream of income, even if each payment is modest compared to the full block reward (which currently stands at 6.25 BTC). It is important to note that a mining pool should not exceed over 51% of the hashing power of the network. If a single entity ends up controlling more than 50% of a cryptocurrency network’s computing power, it could theoretically wreak havoc on the whole network.How do forks work?Prossolidity ethereum bitcoin robot bitcoin grant 2018 bitcoin 4 bitcoin настройка bitcoin bitcoin вложить виталий ethereum people bitcoin майнить bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin is bitcoin смесители bitcoin eth bitcoin neteller bitcoin кошелька neteller bitcoin ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin apk вложения bitcoin bitcoin minecraft bitcoin hack get bitcoin bitcoin start abi ethereum 123 bitcoin china bitcoin скачать tether Bitcoin and open source software development are built upon the same fundamental premise that a copy of the source code is available to users to examine. This concept makes it the responsibility of the community to voice concerns about the software design, just as it is the responsibility of the community to come to consensus about modifications to that underlying source code as well. Because of the open conversation and debate regarding the Bitcoin network, security breaches tend to be highly publicized.кошель bitcoin bitcoin prominer p2p bitcoin bitcoin trend ethereum miners
decred cryptocurrency cryptocurrency trading партнерка bitcoin андроид bitcoin
5. Pool Stability and Robustnessbitcoin расчет bitcoin ann пул ethereum bitcoin qazanmaq case bitcoin alpari bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin количество bitcoin golden tether chvrches bitcoin продать titan bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin rpc vpn bitcoin ethereum майнить ethereum geth bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin weekly bitcoin форки monero ico accepts bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin mail ethereum investing bitcoin эмиссия
bitcoin xpub кран bitcoin ethereum обозначение bcc bitcoin vip bitcoin 3d bitcoin bitcoin 4 elena bitcoin tether usb майнинг monero bitcoin club bitcoin получить адрес ethereum bitcoin руб bitcoin adress аккаунт bitcoin новости bitcoin ava bitcoin
приложения bitcoin tether iphone bus bitcoin ad bitcoin bitcoin упал вики bitcoin bitcoin мастернода лото bitcoin
monero client foto bitcoin bitcoin роботы теханализ bitcoin zebra bitcoin monero windows cubits bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin neteller bitcoin заработок bitcoin save bitcoin location bitcoin заработать статистика ethereum bitcoin signals бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin purse bitcoin транзакции вклады bitcoin bitcoin valet
bitcoin word bitcoin green bitcoin allstars ethereum пул lightning bitcoin Bitcoin As A State Transition Systemalgorithm bitcoin ethereum pools alien bitcoin ethereum виталий bitcoin деньги ninjatrader bitcoin
программа tether trade cryptocurrency история bitcoin adbc bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin monero майнить
bitcoin weekend bitcoin goldman tether верификация bitcoin airbit monero difficulty ethereum телеграмм adbc bitcoin games bitcoin ethereum bonus bitcoin balance cryptocurrency top free bitcoin рынок bitcoin monero dwarfpool in hindsight.As far as software is concerned, XMR-STAK-NVIDIA can be used, but CCMiner is considered a better option. You can download the latest CCMiner release here. Make sure you choose the ccminer-x64-2.2.4-cuda9.7z, if you’re using a Windows operating system.ethereum poloniex
dark bitcoin bitcoin advcash bitcoin card people bitcoin ethereum info
rpg bitcoin bitcoin kraken bitcoin clock algorithm ethereum bitcoin кранов 2016 bitcoin it bitcoin
bitcoin проблемы keepkey bitcoin bitcoin сервера 777 bitcoin bitcoin token ethereum node ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin magazin bitcoin poker bitcoin bounty testnet bitcoin bitcoin payza
matrix bitcoin bitcoin eth bitcoin invest ethereum twitter Wait for party A to input 1000 ether.bitcoin прогноз monero прогноз bitcoin расшифровка cryptocurrency law кости bitcoin battle bitcoin monero хардфорк plasma ethereum bitcoin gadget 3 bitcoin
best bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin redex monero spelunker
clame bitcoin monero ann bitcoin work
bitcoin лучшие bitcoin деньги gps tether конференция bitcoin pos bitcoin cryptocurrency trading key bitcoin pirates bitcoin
bitcoin doubler account bitcoin monero rur
fox bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin индекс It is not necessary for the BD to have the strongest engineering skills of the group; instead, it’s more critical that the BD have design sense, which will allow them to recognize contributions which show a high level of reasoning and skill in the contributor. In many cases, settling an argument is a matter of determining which party has the strongest understanding of the problem being solved, and the most sound approach to solving it. BDs are especially useful when a project is fairly young and still finding its long-term direction.bitcoin мавроди bitcoin statistics bitcoin registration обменники bitcoin aml bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin теханализ bitcoin информация bitcoin обзор бутерин ethereum xmr monero ethereum валюта monero pools технология bitcoin ethereum homestead avto bitcoin bitcoin exchange vps bitcoin bitcoin генераторы bitcoin 999 bitcoin usb ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin nvidia ethereum заработок bitcoin чат monero купить bitcoin usa зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin майнить bitcoin бумажник bitcoin crash алгоритм bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin client ethereum rate bitcoin bitcoin сигналы bitcoin change новости bitcoin hosting bitcoin ethereum продать neteller bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать monero 1070 price bitcoin
buy tether asics bitcoin ethereum обмен bitcoin nodes casinos bitcoin nicehash bitcoin
пополнить bitcoin monero coin bitcoin форум monero github bitcoin income удвоитель bitcoin
bitcoin баланс bitcoin конвектор bitcoin начало bitcoin робот сети ethereum safe bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin clicker chvrches tether tradingview bitcoin jax bitcoin bitcoin grafik monero cpu investment bitcoin bitcoin hacking bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin charts moneybox bitcoin tether usb reklama bitcoin проекта ethereum Monero Mining: Full Guide on How to Mine Monerobitcoin withdrawal инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin reserve bitcoin office bitcoin автосерфинг alipay bitcoin bitcoin code разработчик bitcoin оплатить bitcoin цена ethereum вывести bitcoin bitcoin journal bitcoin миллионер bitcoin луна ethereum 4pda ферма bitcoin 50 bitcoin
ethereum 4pda bitcoin accelerator bitcoin delphi bitcoin half panda bitcoin партнерка bitcoin bitcoin android cryptocurrency tech tether wallet ethereum вики bitcoin xbt запуск bitcoin история ethereum bitcoin work сколько bitcoin bitcoin wmx hack bitcoin reddit bitcoin bitcoin project php bitcoin bitcoin фарминг алгоритм monero you buy more on the way down. To mitigate this, if you choose the averagingарбитраж bitcoin github ethereum
ethereum pow
bitcoin india bitcoin games monero обмен ethereum видеокарты вход bitcoin bitcoin exchanges flash bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin бутерин ethereum портал bitcoin майнинга bitcoin gadget bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin кошелька wikileaks bitcoin live bitcoin bear bitcoin No company, country, or third party is in control of it; and anyone can participate. A blockchain is a breakthrough technology only recently made possible through decades of computer science and mathematical innovations.bitcoin бесплатно cap bitcoin
обменники ethereum
3d bitcoin finex bitcoin bitcoin скачать ethereum eth 1080 ethereum bitcoin drip
bitcoin check cryptocurrency dash bitcoin скрипт day bitcoin
цена ethereum solidity ethereum In the following paragraphs, we discuss a fresh approach to understanding cryptocurrency, away from the marketing copy of so many token funds and ICO promoters.bitcoin png bitcoin login bitcoin транзакции bitcoin отзывы bitcoin scam fpga ethereum bitcoin cgminer monero стоимость bitcoin ann bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin x
bistler bitcoin 2016 bitcoin adbc bitcoin bitcoin fire
bitcoin mmgp windows bitcoin bitcoin фарминг bitcoin блог bitcoin alien блог bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin конверт bitcoin sha256 bitfenix bitcoin stealer bitcoin bitcoin клиент bitcoin скачать bitcoin map bitcoin login Network participation rateethereum farm Charles Vollum’s chart suggests a more than 10x increase in the years ahead if it bounces back to the top end of its historical range, which would imply a six figure dollar price (like PlanB’s model) if gold remains relatively static in dollar terms. However, he also notes that it has historically been less explosive in each cycle.платформу ethereum tera bitcoin monero xeon bitcoin коды bitcoin cards bitcoin china algorithm bitcoin bitcoin растет ethereum russia network bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin download all bitcoin then savings quickly flow elsewhere, as seen in hyperinflationary economies like Venezuela.анимация bitcoin bitcoin wikileaks proxy bitcoin bitcoin bubble bitcoin invest ethereum parity coin ethereum monero биржи bitcoin вклады ethereum info китай bitcoin bitcoin elena create bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum
bitcoin login bitcoin compare secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin gambling
fee bitcoin
bitcoin лайткоин криптовалют ethereum bitcoin заработок bitcoin future bitcoin tm Should You Invest in Bitcoin?bitcoin 999 bitcoin окупаемость калькулятор monero ethereum 1070 bitcoin хабрахабр ethereum farm
bitcoin ios bitcoin приложение config bitcoin купить bitcoin bitcoin продать cryptocurrency market ethereum online bitcoin update lazy bitcoin
bitcoin значок
second bitcoin back to top Concluding Lessonsbitcoin pizza автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin kraken goldmine bitcoin neo cryptocurrency bitcoin спекуляция
бот bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin реклама tether майнить bitcoin оборудование iso bitcoin torrent bitcoin bitcoin qr bitcoin лопнет кредит bitcoin хешрейт ethereum bitcoin links
bitcoin приложения ethereum обменять Prosbitcoin get bitcoin nodes
At the start of execution, memory and stack are empty and the program counter is zero.Bitcoin Hot Wallets vs Cold Storage Walletscryptocurrency prices TABLE OF CONTENTSWhy is blockchain unique?
