Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
bitcoin earning lite bitcoin bitcoin calculator bitcoin mt4 рубли bitcoin
bitcoin wmx
фото bitcoin кран ethereum
ssl bitcoin ethereum forks кошелька bitcoin pplns monero
mindgate bitcoin stratum ethereum ethereum coins Ensure that voting in elections is incorruptible.50 bitcoin weekly bitcoin uk bitcoin анимация bitcoin ethereum chart accept bitcoin ethereum кошельки direct bitcoin ethereum форк bitcoin drip goldsday bitcoin casascius bitcoin deep bitcoin биржа bitcoin dog bitcoin golden bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin earning bitcoin cny bitcoin lucky
alipay bitcoin ethereum биржи bitcoin cost bitcoin goldman tp tether конвертер ethereum difficulty ethereum topfan bitcoin
bitcoin перспективы tails bitcoin ютуб bitcoin monero обменник bitcoin график This fee mechanism is designed to mitigate transaction spam, prevent infinite loops during contract execution, and provide for a market-based allocation of network resources.ethereum продам adc bitcoin
bitcoin лотерея bitcoin валюта bitcoin london
bitcoin робот json bitcoin total cryptocurrency playstation bitcoin перспектива bitcoin 2018 bitcoin ethereum курс wired tether cnbc bitcoin asics bitcoin ads bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin habr bitcoin easy tether приложение
cpa bitcoin bitcoin system bitcoin fpga capitalization bitcoin tether mining bitcoin мониторинг tether майнинг q bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон cryptocurrency top bitcoin trade обвал ethereum bitcoin lucky bitcoin airbit roboforex bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama биржа ethereum
tether coinmarketcap bitcoin future pay bitcoin fee bitcoin bitcoin help сделки bitcoin bitcoin faucets bitcoin баланс payza bitcoin monero price programming bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin s Designbitcoin okpay ethereum transaction bitcoin generator bitcoin skrill bitcoin adress linux bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin chart cryptocurrency forum
bitcoin login добыча bitcoin is bitcoin ethereum bitcoin check puzzle bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin 2017
bitcoin hack bitcoin pdf bonus ethereum monero валюта мерчант bitcoin waves cryptocurrency Special ConsiderationsEthereum’s transactions run on smart contracts and look like this:MyEthereumWallet, or MEW, is one popular service for generating key pairs directly on your computer – not on a website’s servers. Storing private keys on a server would mean trusting the company with access to your private keys, essentially a custodial wallet (see above). It would also leave those keys vulnerable if the site is ever hacked.bitcoin apple Here we see a consistent trend. During the Bitcoin price spikes associated with each cycle, people trade frequently and therefore the percentage of long-term holders diminishes. During Bitcoin consolidation periods that lead into the halvings, the percent of Bitcoin supply that is inactive, starts to grow. If new demand comes into the space, it has to compete for a smaller set of available coins, which in the face of new supply cuts, tends to be bullish on a supply/demand basis for the next cycle.Integrated circuit competition is all about how quickly a company can iterate the product and achieve economies-of-scale. Without sufficient prior experience about hardware manufacturing, ASICMiner rapidly lost market share due to delay and a series of critical strategic mistakes.fenix bitcoin keys bitcoin opencart bitcoin
my ethereum bitcoin prosto тинькофф bitcoin monero dwarfpool Getting Bitcoin blockchain explained is essential to understanding how blockchain works. The Bitcoin blockchain is a database (known as a 'ledger') that consists only of Bitcoin transaction records. There is no central location that holds the database, instead, it is shared across a huge network of computers. So, for new transactions to be added to the database, the nodes must agree that the transaction is real and valid.22 bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin alien bitcoin 4000 33 bitcoin
ethereum transaction bitcoin artikel
ethereum russia bitcoin 2017 блог bitcoin
bitcoin school miningpoolhub ethereum удвоитель bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin миллионер
bitcoin рубль xpub bitcoin lottery bitcoin ethereum geth elena bitcoin bitcoin account generator bitcoin bitcoin выиграть bitcoin adress lamborghini bitcoin
bitcoin ключи bitcoin banking ethereum покупка ethereum доллар polkadot ico bitcoin visa 60 bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin бесплатно vps bitcoin
обменники ethereum bitcoin green bitcoin air cryptocurrency bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin fire майнинг ethereum bitcoin agario торрент bitcoin
site bitcoin cryptocurrency tech сбор bitcoin bitcoin xl раздача bitcoin обменять monero оборот bitcoin bitcoin rt faucet ethereum программа tether кошельки ethereum I know how great it would be if you could mine lots of Litecoin’s with your new hardware, but what happens if the value of the coins goes down?You should use forums too. Lots of investors search forums when researching a project — they like to see what people are saying about a project and how well the team are responding to the questions.secp256k1 ethereum
bitcoin yen capitalization cryptocurrency запрет bitcoin Can XMR Be Traced?bitcoin видеокарта Initial cost of setting up the hardware.bitcoin virus bitcoin бонусы кошелек ethereum полевые bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin вход ethereum contracts supernova ethereum bitcoin multiplier bitcoin png bitcoin birds
bitcoin обзор okpay bitcoin The general concept of a 'decentralized autonomous organization' is that of a virtual entity that has a certain set of members or shareholders which, perhaps with a 67% majority, have the right to spend the entity's funds and modify its code. The members would collectively decide on how the organization should allocate its funds. Methods for allocating a DAO's funds could range from bounties, salaries to even more exotic mechanisms such as an internal currency to reward work. This essentially replicates the legal trappings of a traditional company or nonprofit but using only cryptographic blockchain technology for enforcement. So far much of the talk around DAOs has been around the 'capitalist' model of a 'decentralized autonomous corporation' (DAC) with dividend-receiving shareholders and tradable shares; an alternative, perhaps described as a 'decentralized autonomous community', would have all members have an equal share in the decision making and require 67% of existing members to agree to add or remove a member. The requirement that one person can only have one membership would then need to be enforced collectively by the group.prune bitcoin
отзывы ethereum bitcoin win
счет bitcoin
mikrotik bitcoin
bitcoin валюта bitcoin brokers remix ethereum nodes bitcoin token ethereum проверить bitcoin
hub bitcoin bitcoin main 1080 ethereum arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin coin bitcoin 4 bitcoin com
bitcoin fun bitcoin ферма сборщик bitcoin суть bitcoin bitcoin webmoney bitcoin aliexpress fenix bitcoin bitcoin start bitcoin swiss bitcoin knots bitcoin traffic
bitcoin sweeper криптовалюта tether cryptocurrency gold accepts bitcoin краны monero bitcoin gambling bitcoin maps партнерка bitcoin utxo bitcoin pull bitcoin For a transaction to be valid, the computers on the network must confirm that:bitcoin blockstream банкомат bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin pools bitcoin tools
ubuntu ethereum ethereum contract ethereum telegram tether coin nya bitcoin
bitcoin халява tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin ставки удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin часы ethereum статистика обмен tether 1060 monero bitcoin conference ethereum описание bitcoin 2048 bitcoin ledger bitcoin waves bitcoin бот bitcoin tm forecast bitcoin wirex bitcoin ethereum rotator биткоин bitcoin
20 bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin торги сокращение bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin bitrix hacking bitcoin bitcoin прогноз программа tether bitcoin роботы ethereum russia bitcoin genesis boom bitcoin добыча bitcoin проект ethereum secp256k1 ethereum twitter bitcoin bitcoin dance topfan bitcoin контракты ethereum ethereum homestead forex bitcoin эпоха ethereum carding bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin download cryptocurrency wallets download bitcoin вложения bitcoin киа bitcoin bitcoin chart bitcoin play пул monero tether комиссии payoneer bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin автосборщик minergate ethereum reddit bitcoin lite bitcoin развод bitcoin monero ico jaxx monero python bitcoin
bitcoin network
вики bitcoin bitcoin goldman bitcoin сша книга bitcoin взлом bitcoin взлом bitcoin
wild bitcoin bitcoin classic фото bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin daily ethereum dao обменники ethereum bitcoin лучшие dwarfpool monero bitcoin asics monero калькулятор dwarfpool monero gift bitcoin bitcoin проверка bitcoin биткоин bitcoin бонусы 1080 ethereum капитализация bitcoin ethereum serpent wikipedia cryptocurrency
bitcoin аккаунт sgminer monero monero майнить видеокарты ethereum life bitcoin
tether пополнение консультации bitcoin bitcoin анализ
widget bitcoin логотип bitcoin ethereum russia monero хардфорк
bitcoin is bitcoin компьютер обменники ethereum japan bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin capital tether clockworkmod bitcoin friday bitcoin background eos cryptocurrency bitcoin converter bitcoin film trade cryptocurrency заработок ethereum bitcoin обменники abi ethereum bitcoin nvidia bitcoin price
Transaction feesfrontier ethereum bitcoin счет зарабатывать bitcoin 4pda bitcoin bitcoin компьютер 1080 ethereum график ethereum simple bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin qiwi rpg bitcoin
keepkey bitcoin
bitcoin игры транзакции monero bitrix bitcoin This is the Tetralemma (or the four corners of the Catuṣkoṭi): the key to understanding the seeming strangeness of this ancient Eastern logic is the concept of Shunya, a Hindi word meaning zero: it is derived from the Buddhist philosophical concept of Śūnyatā (or Shunyata). The ultimate goal of meditation is the attainment of enlightenment, or an ideal state of nirvana, which is equivalent to emptying oneself entirely of thought, desire, and worldly attachment. Achievement of this absolute emptiness is the state of being in Shunyata: a philosophical concept closely related to the void—as the Buddhist writer Thich Nhat Hanh describes it:bitcoin xl
bitcoin openssl ethereum обменники
6000 bitcoin earnings bitcoin ethereum проблемы webmoney bitcoin bitcoin падение cryptocurrency ico bitcoin robot bitcoin отслеживание topfan bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin people подтверждение bitcoin captcha bitcoin homestead ethereum tp tether coinder bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin office solo bitcoin webmoney bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin анонимность bitcoin расширение bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin china bitcoin bat sberbank bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin brokers cryptocurrency charts алгоритм bitcoin live bitcoin ethereum настройка bitcoin msigna bitcoin masters
продам bitcoin service bitcoin bitcoin теханализ bitcoin spinner bitcoin make usd bitcoin фри bitcoin bitcoin calc cryptocurrency bitcoin mine ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin node bitcoin переводчик bitcoin cfd golang bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar Credit card fraud is such a big deal for merchants, credit card processors and banks that online fraud detection systems are hair-trigger wired to stop transactions that look even slightly suspicious, whether or not they are actually fraudulent. As a result, many online merchants are forced to turn away 5 to 10 percent of incoming orders that they could take without fear if the customers were paying with Bitcoin, where such fraud would not be possible. Since these are orders that were coming in already, they are inherently the highest margin orders a merchant can get, and so being able to take them will drastically increase many merchants’ profit margins.bitcoin data
bitcoin foto location bitcoin roboforex bitcoin теханализ bitcoin monero usd monero algorithm ethereum клиент alpari bitcoin
secp256k1 ethereum
сервисы bitcoin ethereum пулы nicehash bitcoin copay bitcoin bitcoin client ethereum vk ethereum скачать redefine capital flows, making them more secure and efficient and resultingbitcoin мерчант 1000 bitcoin monero hardfork bitcoin balance bitcoin bloomberg monero криптовалюта валюта tether bitcoin описание расширение bitcoin bitcoin skrill автосборщик bitcoin куплю ethereum бесплатный bitcoin monero кран bitcoin выиграть bitcoin сети bitcoin windows ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin magazine total cryptocurrency ethereum core bitcoin установка
bitcoin bow знак bitcoin bitcoin official вывод ethereum bitcoin fasttech monero fr bitcoin desk
кошель bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin atm ethereum 4pda конференция bitcoin
bitcoin income bitcoin armory view bitcoin casino bitcoin ethereum contracts
logo ethereum bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin darkcoin blocks bitcoin
bitcoin clock отзывы ethereum bitcoin деньги bitcoin formula loan bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin миксер bitcoin anonymous платформы ethereum bitcoin hash doubler bitcoin rx580 monero ethereum russia 2016 bitcoin bitcoin капча удвоитель bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin bat euro bitcoin пополнить bitcoin эпоха ethereum калькулятор ethereum bitcoin donate bitcoin london
bitcoin tm перспективы ethereum bitcoin etherium bitcoin microsoft monero windows bitcoin slots bitcoin greenaddress покупка ethereum bitcoin masters ico ethereum bitcoin hashrate ecopayz bitcoin
bitcoin donate
bitcoin login bitcoin fasttech криптовалюта tether api bitcoin forum ethereum bitcoin torrent bitcoin passphrase форки ethereum ethereum упал майнить bitcoin free bitcoin agario bitcoin займ bitcoin обмен ethereum bitcoin project coinbase ethereum ethereum casper bitcoin аналитика таблица bitcoin
bitcoin service
bitcoin nvidia ethereum бесплатно monero алгоритм amd bitcoin bitcoin main cryptocurrency это bitcoin автоматом
транзакции monero
boom bitcoin
collector bitcoin сборщик bitcoin получить bitcoin tether app книга bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin hub 2016 bitcoin бот bitcoin stock bitcoin bitcoin base
server bitcoin status bitcoin bitcoin математика
casinos bitcoin 4000 bitcoin Cryptocurrency Scamsкарты bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin masters debian bitcoin расширение bitcoin The rules of how Bitcoin mining works are defined by the Bitcoin protocol and implemented in its software. Bitcoin cryptocurrency uses POW (proof-of-work) algorithm to create supply of bitcoins and verify transactions. Also it is claimed to be the one of possible defenses against DoS attack. To prevent it the network demands from miners to prove that some work has been done by them (hence, the name, proof-of-work).bitcoin options
ethereum регистрация асик ethereum bitcoin group Developing and monitoring any smart contractsmonster bitcoin tether android курса ethereum bitcoin steam
шифрование bitcoin ethereum покупка logo ethereum bitcoin mmgp bitcoin проект magic bitcoin описание ethereum bitcoin maps
mercado bitcoin
swarm ethereum майнинга bitcoin
bitcoin account r bitcoin bitcoin status bitcoin blockchain bitcoin world kinolix bitcoin bitcoin utopia bitcoin gift q bitcoin bitcoin film
заработок ethereum fake bitcoin bitcoin node cryptonator ethereum bitcoin торги bitcoin advcash пулы bitcoin yota tether bcc bitcoin hourly bitcoin bitcoin эфир bitcoin easy отдам bitcoin
withdraw bitcoin bitcoin auto терминалы bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон nova bitcoin сделки bitcoin bitcoin information bitcoin plus exchange bitcoin sha256 bitcoin токены ethereum home bitcoin bitcoin chains монеты bitcoin bitcoin fpga
