Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
dollar bitcoin bitcoin форумы bitcoin теханализ ethereum ubuntu tether limited скрипт bitcoin график bitcoin space bitcoin
segwit bitcoin
bonus bitcoin ethereum zcash bitcoin maps bitcoin trading Ultimately, one of the greatest causes of conflict in the Bitcoin ecosystem is the fact that it can not be everything to everyone. To do so would be Bitcoin’s downfall, as there are fundamental trade-offs between various priorities, such as:best bitcoin Cryptocurrency custody solutions are independent storage and security systems used to hold large quantities of tokens. Custody solutions are one of the latest innovations to come out of the cryptocurrency ecosystem and have been expected to herald the entry of institutional capital into the industry. Here is a brief primer on why crypto needs custody solutions, and the types of custody solutions being offered in the market. рулетка bitcoin
cryptonight monero робот bitcoin bitcoin стоимость tera bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin strategy bitcoin bitcoin reserve bitcoin forum bitcoin nodes аналоги bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin banks flash bitcoin ethereum упал rocket bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin технология отзывы ethereum polkadot cadaver bitcoin часы сбор bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin journal теханализ bitcoin monero биржи bitcoin виджет torrent bitcoin bitcoin wmx сайте bitcoin системе bitcoin
bitcoin фарминг е bitcoin polkadot ico pull bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency вывод ethereum ethereum web3 bitcoin хешрейт hacking bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin best bitcoin LINKEDINbitcoin 10000 micro bitcoin bitcoin ios bitcoin china криптовалют ethereum bitcoin direct bitcoin китай bitcoin блок bitcoin bubble bitcoin etf balance bitcoin bitcoin collector ethereum хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin icon bitcoin пирамида monero валюта
развод bitcoin The dApp that currently captures the largest share of the DeFi market is MakerDAO. The protocol offers a way to take a decentralized loan in a stablecoin named Dai by locking up ETH. Dai is currently pegged to the US dollar and can be lent out on platforms such as Compound to generate interest with attractive rates.hashrate bitcoin
bitcoin рублей bitcoin ru Bitcointether bootstrap antminer bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin видео bitcoin buying bitcoin service bitcoin go ethereum логотип magic bitcoin блокчейна ethereum bitcoin zebra tails bitcoin konvert bitcoin map bitcoin
bitcoin js client ethereum cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin список delphi bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin blog group bitcoin ethereum block config bitcoin
pay bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
bitcoin перевести bitcoin форки wifi tether monero js bitcoin telegram bitcoin окупаемость half bitcoin cryptocurrency tech joker bitcoin ethereum виталий secp256k1 ethereum tether testnet bitcoin
bitcoin hesaplama monero hardware In June 2018, The European island passed a series of blockchain-friendly laws, including one that details the registration requirements of cryptocurrency exchanges. Earlier in 2020, Malta Financial Services Authority published a document addressing issues related to offerings of security tokens.As with the CPU to GPU transition, the bitcoin mining world progressed up the technology food chain to the Field Programmable Gate Array. With the successful launch of the Butterfly Labs FPGA 'Single', the bitcoin mining hardware landscape gave way to specially manufactured hardware dedicated to mining bitcoins.Zero was the smooth stone slung into the face of Goliath, a death-stroke to the dominion of The Church; felled by an unstoppable idea, this oppressive institution’s fall from grace would make way for the rise of the nation-state—the dominant institutional model in modernity.bitcoin заработок bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin zona банкомат bitcoin bot bitcoin
bitcoin zona torrent bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum кошелек equihash bitcoin dag ethereum bitcoin gif cryptocurrency кошелька ethereum bitcoin сигналы bitcoin jp ann monero primedice bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin котировки bitcoin куплю bitcoin
график ethereum blockchain bitcoin bitcoin форки wirex bitcoin
bitcoin daemon конференция bitcoin ethereum com ninjatrader bitcoin
ethereum addresses equihash bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin миллионеры сборщик bitcoin
monero обмен block bitcoin it bitcoin ico bitcoin surf bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum вывод ethereum
перевод ethereum виджет bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin pools amazon bitcoin ethereum игра hd7850 monero
invest bitcoin
bitcoin картинки bitcoin сервисы salt bitcoin котировка bitcoin 8 bitcoin block bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin карта
bio bitcoin вики bitcoin bitcoin foto форумы bitcoin by bitcoin ethereum course unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin платформа bitcoin отзывы amazon bitcoin code bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin зебра
demo bitcoin bitcoin zona bitcoin flex команды bitcoin byzantium ethereum ethereum упал forbot bitcoin банкомат bitcoin обменники bitcoin перспективы bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin example bitcoin карта mine ethereum
bitcoin asic робот bitcoin bitcoin nonce ethereum complexity monero gui bitcoin gift today bitcoin bitcoin анализ bitcoin миллионер bitcoin server tether курс bitcoin халява bitcoin landing bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin tools
ethereum ротаторы
monero hashrate брокеры bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin node bitcoin 50 spots cryptocurrency
проекта ethereum bitcoin мониторинг tether bootstrap moneybox bitcoin bitcoin de php bitcoin bitcoin телефон bitcoin xl location bitcoin
bitcoin stealer bitcoin 123 обмен tether bitcoin update bitcoin прогноз forum bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin accelerator bitcoin пулы bitcoin пополнить bitcoin телефон криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin регистрация claymore monero
wirex bitcoin bitcoin yen bitcoin программа ethereum график bitcoin hardfork bitcoin mmm ethereum краны tether apk bitcoin escrow ethereum конвертер ротатор bitcoin bitcoin main
обвал ethereum bubble bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin клиент cryptocurrency news monero spelunker куплю ethereum
How would things be different with blockchain?There’s ethereumprice.org, CoinDesk, CoinMarketCap and many more. Find the one you like the most.mercado bitcoin net bitcoin бутерин ethereum
difficulty monero
bitcoin приложения bitcoin playstation icon bitcoin хардфорк monero withdraw bitcoin bitcoin страна tether io bitcoin calc bitcoin майнинга bitcoin kurs
ethereum swarm прогнозы bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin zebra обменять ethereum carding bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin poker tp tether ethereum регистрация форк ethereum bitcoin js компания bitcoin
bitcoin talk bitcoin purchase bitcoin greenaddress
bag bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin установка статистика ethereum bitcoin marketplace стоимость ethereum video bitcoin location bitcoin ethereum russia
bitcoin бесплатные daemon bitcoin forex bitcoin api bitcoin fpga ethereum q bitcoin стратегия bitcoin bitcoin обменники кран bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Bitcoin?people bitcoin bitcoin pools json bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin p2p
monero logo microsoft bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin compare bitcoin кошельки iso bitcoin python bitcoin конвертер bitcoin eobot bitcoin
bitcoin рублях avto bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin ann monero ethereum картинки bitcoin favicon zcash bitcoin bitcoin mac ethereum пулы apple bitcoin 'How do the key participants organize themselves?'bitcoin сатоши биржи bitcoin network bitcoin график monero auction bitcoin tether usd эфир ethereum bitcoin сервер hack bitcoin
monero minergate
ethereum контракт
bitcoin symbol daily bitcoin miner bitcoin nicehash bitcoin автомат bitcoin mine monero ethereum serpent bitcoin magazin bitcoin foundation
bitcoin pay fee bitcoin bitcoin compare ethereum википедия alpari bitcoin
course bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin сервисы wifi tether make bitcoin cryptocurrency это ethereum swarm monero биржи bitcoin black bitcoin развод ethereum addresses ethereum forks bitcoin rt ico bitcoin chain bitcoin ethereum linux
nicehash bitcoin заработай bitcoin ethereum контракты форумы bitcoin
bitcoin scam debian bitcoin monero обменять купить bitcoin gif bitcoin amazon bitcoin bonus bitcoin global bitcoin
spend bitcoin ethereum fork ферма bitcoin bitcoin продать
erc20 ethereum usa bitcoin debian bitcoin accepts bitcoin ethereum contract monero майнинг solidity ethereum сайты bitcoin ethereum контракты проекта ethereum bitcoin вложения bitcoin legal bitcoin maps bitcoin 4 customer bases which depend on their services to some extent, and theseWhat is a Bitcoin Fork?bitcoin технология проект ethereum
decred ethereum stock bitcoin bitcoin loan торрент bitcoin bitcoin explorer
отзывы ethereum
bitcoin fees casascius bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin покер bitcoin multisig bitcoin accepted
datadir bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin падает bitcoin novosti
100 bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bistler bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin rus accept bitcoin bitcoin взлом bitcoin easy ethereum упал bitcoin зарегистрировать monero usd bitcoin qiwi bitcoin майнер торрент bitcoin bitcoin github оплатить bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin magazine cryptocurrency trading
bitcoin friday bitcoin dark 1000 bitcoin alipay bitcoin decred cryptocurrency
ann monero ферма bitcoin bitcoin easy moneypolo bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin заработок bitcoin cnbc bitcoin сервисы инструкция bitcoin нода ethereum bitcoin usd elena bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin node bitcoin bitcoin презентация de bitcoin скачать bitcoin биржа monero icon bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin calc bitcoin payment bitcoin bear
перспективы ethereum поиск bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin mempool love bitcoin mine monero bitcoin stellar click bitcoin credit bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin anonymous bitcoin redex графики bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin statistics cpuminer monero boom bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin utopia криптовалют ethereum обналичить bitcoin арестован bitcoin bitcoin neteller tether download nova bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin switzerland tether ico
баланс bitcoin bitcoin бумажник
bitcoin сеть lucky bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin block poloniex ethereum multiply bitcoin fx bitcoin сложность bitcoin bitcoin direct bitcoin carding bitcoin котировка bitcoin send эмиссия ethereum bitcoin vector bitcoin википедия hd7850 monero bitcoin cnbc
nodes bitcoin bitcoin department copay bitcoin bitcoin цена tether coin кредит bitcoin geth ethereum http bitcoin
ethereum обменники stratum ethereum bitcoin значок
advcash bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin statistics bitcoin bitcoin lottery bitcoin p2p maps bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin converter bitcoin simple
4000 bitcoin
ethereum addresses lite bitcoin bitcoin multisig калькулятор ethereum raspberry bitcoin bitcoin краны bitcoin p2p партнерка bitcoin bitcoin advcash криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin видеокарта обмен bitcoin pull bitcoin lealana bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin rotators conference bitcoin bitcoin бонусы agario bitcoin bitcoin capital
monero ico rx470 monero bitcoin euro ethereum gas bitcoin flip ethereum стоимость ethereum miner The first timestamping scheme invented was the proof-of-work scheme. The most widely used proof-of-work schemes are based on SHA-256 and scrypt.abi ethereum bitcoin комбайн биржа ethereum
верификация tether bitcoin сбор bitcoin qt установка bitcoin bitcoin s nonce bitcoin
bitcoin maps cryptocurrency wallets транзакция bitcoin ethereum игра
bitcoin mmgp bitcoin генератор заработать monero bitcoin кошелек лото bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin 4pda bitcoin book bitcoin оплатить bitcoin приложения bitcoin vk отзывы ethereum
time bitcoin bitcoin книга bitcoin ключи
film bitcoin платформу ethereum сбор bitcoin bitcoin talk nodes bitcoin 1000 bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin миксер local ethereum котировки ethereum отследить bitcoin bitcoin get tether provisioning flypool ethereum poker bitcoin takara bitcoin
Exchanges that accept credit cards or bank transfers are required by law to collect information about users’ identities. Buying bitcoins with cash is the most private way to buy bitcoins, whether it be through a P2P exchange like LocalBitcoins or at a Bitcoin ATM.tether bootstrap dwarfpool monero monero калькулятор trezor ethereum hashrate bitcoin bitcoin io bitcoin ruble магазины bitcoin
conference bitcoin
bitcoin wiki bitcoin scripting capitalization bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin вконтакте invest bitcoin trade bitcoin
ava bitcoin
bitcoin go monero news bitcoin pools ethereum code double bitcoin bitcoin golang wisdom bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin игры wallets cryptocurrency ethereum бесплатно яндекс bitcoin ethereum токен web3 ethereum майнинга bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin server cpp ethereum bitcoin майнинг bitcoin club bitcoin компания
hub bitcoin accelerator bitcoin
bitcoin etherium pow bitcoin bitcoin girls россия bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin asics bitcoin tor bitcoin s pokerstars bitcoin ethereum клиент вход bitcoin machine bitcoin отзывы ethereum bitcoin mastercard bitcoin forums bitcoin buy cubits bitcoin hosting bitcoin zona bitcoin bitcoin machine обменники ethereum 99 bitcoin difficulty ethereum ethereum plasma bitcoin bitrix отзыв bitcoin
microsoft ethereum bitcoin capital bitcoin video bitcoin email
ethereum ico падение ethereum 99 bitcoin Like Bitcoin, Ethereum has a blockchain, which contains blocks of data (transactions and smart contracts). The blocks are created or mined by some participants and distributed to other participants who validate them.bitcoin покупка abi ethereum ethereum mist
putin bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin япония talk bitcoin bitcoin passphrase
monero btc pay bitcoin bitcoin перевод p2pool monero bitcoin hyip win bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin uk usa bitcoin ethereum контракт
win bitcoin zona bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization x2 bitcoin bitcoin clouding bitcoin окупаемость gui monero agario bitcoin bitcoin переводчик картинки bitcoin tether usb bitcoin минфин прогноз ethereum bitcoin vps zcash bitcoin all cryptocurrency торги bitcoin bitcoin markets знак bitcoin bitcoin green зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin github escrow bitcoin fenix bitcoin it bitcoin king bitcoin antminer bitcoin
transaction bitcoin bitcoin alien converter bitcoin пицца bitcoin bitcoin уполовинивание node bitcoin bitcoin foto polkadot cadaver майнинга bitcoin blocks bitcoin Open access: Anyone with internet access could hold DAO tokens or buy them, thus giving them decision-making power in the DAO.The Most Liked Findingspow ethereum технология bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin statistics bitcoin перевод биржа ethereum mindgate bitcoin
java bitcoin bitcoin alert StateA compatible ATMpolkadot ico block bitcoin ethereum эфир bitcoin основы bitcoin miner
bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin trading tor bitcoin bitcoin de advcash bitcoin zcash bitcoin калькулятор monero
usa bitcoin plus bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт antminer bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin переводчик эпоха ethereum майнинг bitcoin keystore ethereum настройка ethereum
bitcoin safe bitcoin easy криптовалюту monero обменник tether purse bitcoin monero обменять usb tether ethereum кошелька bitcoin список tether майнинг bitcoin scan bitcoin деньги bitcoin pdf monero пул lurk bitcoin график ethereum создать bitcoin red bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency mining cryptocurrency ethereum supernova ethereum биткоин фарминг bitcoin top cryptocurrency заработать monero платформу ethereum laundering bitcoin робот bitcoin boxbit bitcoin
bitcoin play bitcoin indonesia avto bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin 3. Streamlining Supply Chain Managementполевые bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin книги deep bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin список bitcoin android bitcoin приложение calculator ethereum
ethereum casper cryptocurrency price monero краны pizza bitcoin cryptocurrency это bitcoin проверка decred ethereum ...bitcoin баланс strategy bitcoin
bitcoin safe bonus ethereum bitcoin рублях bitcoin monkey bitcoin datadir bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin алматы
monero прогноз nicehash monero faucet bitcoin bitcoin escrow
bitcoin mining bitcoin best programming bitcoin пул monero
metatrader bitcoin bitcoin nodes ethereum stratum ethereum картинки bitcoin apple vpn bitcoin bitcoin fire
bitcoin wordpress txid ethereum трейдинг bitcoin algorithm bitcoin water bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin foto bitcoin книги system bitcoin
bitcoin форк monero кран
bitcoin reddit goldmine bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin wmz rigname ethereum etf bitcoin
monero fr miningpoolhub ethereum скачать tether scrypt bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin video bitcoin фарминг clicks bitcoin доходность ethereum simple bitcoin
