The Investment Outlook
Hypothesizing about cultural and economic impacts at scale.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.
Cultural-historical timing is apt
Ward Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor “technical debt,” and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:
“I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.”
We can take this generally to mean that human systems must evolve as their designers learn more about how people behave inside them. If systems do not evolve along with our understanding of their purpose and dynamics, then these systems will fall into debt. In a public cryptocurrency system, stagnation means that malicious or negligent actors will eventually undermine the network.
The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.
Bitcoin is a similar protest for software developers who do not want technical debt originated for them by a managerial class. Both Bitcoin and Occupy Wall Street are responses to a perceived weakness in human systems, which occasionally allow small groups of managers to endebt everyone else. Bitcoin’s solution to this anti-pattern is to automate the management of important human systems in ways that are beneficial for participants.
Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensue
To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.
Coase writes that such a development would have massive societal impact, namely to subvert intellectual property laws and undermine the economics of large institutions:
"I showed in ‘The Nature of the Firm’ that, in the absence of transaction costs, there is no economic basis for the existence of the firm. What I showed in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ was that, in the absence of transaction costs, it does not matter what the law is, since people can always negotiate without cost to acquire, sub-divide, and combine rights whenever this would increase the value of production. In such a world the institutions which make up the economic system have neither substance nor purpose. Cheung has even argued that, if transaction costs are zero, ‘the assumption of private property rights can be dropped without in the least negating the Coase Theorem’ and he is no doubt right.”
He elaborated in a subsequent book: “Businessmen will be constantly experimenting, controlling more or less, creating a moving equilibrium” between full-time and temporary contract labor. These impacts are also consistent with the stated goals of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Cypherpunks, whose resistance to institutional authority is rooted in a resentment for the managerial class and for the laws that protect and incentivize proprietary software.
Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:
“Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.”
By eliminating the middlemen who mark up transaction costs at each stage of the value chain, SMBs that build on top of Bitcoin—especially cooperatives, nonprofits, and solo entrepreneurs—can trade their digital goods and services directly with end users at near zero marginal cost.
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks like
Individual entrepreneurs or small groups of developers can monetize free and open source projects in a number of ways. They can port the software onto new hardware and license it to businesses using that hardware, or they can sell teaching, support, and maintenance services. Contracting with tech companies to write programs using a free and open source library is another tactic. Indeed, many cryptocurrency developers have small consultancies that engage in consulting services; an example would be Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood’s software agency Parity.
Older FOSS projects provide insights into the future of Bitcoin. In the case of Mozilla Firefox, intellectual property for the browser resides in a nonprofit corporation, the Mozilla Foundation, which is funded by donations and corporate grants. Taxable business activities are conducted in a wholly-owned for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which was formed in August 2005. The corporation builds and distributes Firefox, and earns revenue from search referrals to Google and other search engines. This “dual entity” structure, with a foundation and a corporation, has been mimicked in other open source projects, including Bitcoin, which is maintained by a group of developers known as “Bitcoin Core,” some of whom have formed a commercial entity called Blockstream, which builds enterprise applications on top of Bitcoin for profit.
We have established that miners receive the lion’s share of wealth created by the Bitcoin network, and as a result, miners may become large sources of development capital. Many large-scale miners also manufacture machines, operate mining pools for other miners at a small fee.
Bounty-hunting is another approach to software entrepreneurship. Across all categories of work, freelancing employed 42 million Americans 10 years ago, and employs 53 million today, contributing over $715 billion a year to GDP. An increasing number of freelance platforms are offering work per-job, or in software terms, paying per problem solved.
Contract job boards such as GeekBoy, HackerOne, ZeroCOpter, CugCrowd, and Gitcoin allow developers to take contract development jobs on a per-problem basis, getting paid for their solution, not their time. Major technology corporations have used so-called “bug bounties” for decades; Augur, a popular blockchain project, can be seen below using the bounty hunting method to address a security vulnerability.
Perhaps the best implementation of a bitcoin-based bounty hunting system is BitHub, created by cypherpunk and Signal Messenger creator Moxie Marlinspike. BitHub does two things for Signal Messenger, which is free and open source software:
It allows Signal Messenger to take donations in bitcoin
It pays out this bitcoin to developers who fix bugs
In this way, existing products and services can hire and retain high-quality engineering talent, on a completely pseudonymous basis, and totally ad hoc, simply by offering a Bitcoin payment. Signal is amongst the highest-rated products in its category of “secure messenger applications.” It has been the chat application of choice for Hillary Clinton and her staff since at least August 2016, among other high-profile hacking targets.
Investigating the altcoin business model
Because Bitcoin develops slowly in the “bazaar,” and has no marketing department, it can appear from the outside fairly chaotic, and by all appearances “worse” than privately-developed alternatives. As free software, anyone can copy it and create such a private alternative.
Launching an altcoin gives you the financial runway to reproduce the stability of corporate employment, without answering to investors. (Just miners and users!) What is the distinction?
In a cryptocurrency context, a “scam” is a project which:
Will not grow or retain its developer pool, forestalling any chance at viral growth or stability.
Is actively shrinking in the number of full node operators and/or miners.
Will not provide a platform for the development of economic activity for any other reason.
Not all network operators are intentional scammers. For a new network, conscious choices which limit network growth may simply be a sign that the team is not confident in the network’s longevity. Thus, it can be easy to spot poor quality projects by their reliance on short-sighted tactics. While there is no firm litmus test for the viability of a project, the following characteristics can be considered red flags:
Add 963 * 0.001 = 0.963 ether back to the sender's account, and return the resulting state.5. How do I buy cryptocurrency?chain bitcoin
bitcoin iso
ethereum статистика Examples of this phenomenon abound. In venture financing, over-funding a startup often paradoxically leads to its failure. This is why startups are encouraged to be lean — it imposes discipline and forces them to focus on revenue generating opportunities rather than meandering R%trump2%D or time wasted at conferences. In more mature companies, an excess of cash often leads to wasteful M%trump2%A activity.bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin 2000 ORbitcoin torrent bio bitcoin Key conceptbitcoin bonus LINKEDINbitcoin робот bitcoin торговля machine bitcoin Incorporated exchange: Noethereum addresses bitcoin xl мастернода ethereum пул ethereum приват24 bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin 4 bitcoin 8 bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin cny bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin global ethereum script testnet bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin doge monero сложность algorithm bitcoin форки ethereum
coinbase ethereum bitcoin казахстан 6000 bitcoin bitcoin xt сети bitcoin bitcoin database ethereum github bitcoin рынок 5 bitcoin cryptocurrency charts ethereum это bitcoin pizza playstation bitcoin bitcoin map валюта monero mmm bitcoin bitcoin frog ethereum info
bitcoin plugin ethereum parity bitcoin generation bitcoin step cronox bitcoin
продам ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin ethereum платформа bitcoin spin cryptocurrency bitcoin mining bitcoin loan fast bitcoin bitcoin москва monero кошелек ethereum покупка
платформ ethereum bitcoin average bitcoin wm
bitcoin bow bitcoin game форк bitcoin ethereum покупка
mining ethereum bitcoin авито minergate ethereum cryptocurrency forum monero usd bitcoin antminer портал bitcoin love bitcoin
pos ethereum monero майнеры
bitcoin проблемы
bitcoin майнить bitcoin daily ethereum курсы game bitcoin titan bitcoin bitcoin шахта ethereum 2017 Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods. Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says that bitcoin's anonymity encourages money laundering and other crimes.форк bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage майнить bitcoin bitcoin сколько bitcoin nodes monero прогноз planet bitcoin programming bitcoin bitcoin reddit 1 monero bistler bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin hub bitcoin mining ethereum блоки bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin бумажник бесплатные bitcoin ethereum новости bitcoin зарегистрировать nanopool monero blue bitcoin titan bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin онлайн bitcoin поиск cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin start майн ethereum проект bitcoin bitcoin monero bitcoin лопнет bitcoin example ethereum капитализация value bitcoin ethereum статистика
bitcoin maps monero faucet testnet bitcoin nvidia bitcoin bitcoin магазин bitcoin registration difficulty monero cryptocurrency wikipedia карты bitcoin difficulty bitcoin книга bitcoin claymore monero bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin crypto java bitcoin
ethereum github
описание bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin office yota tether monero алгоритм форумы bitcoin monero free ethereum blockchain nxt cryptocurrency ethereum wallet 2 bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin nodes tether download bitcoin мошенники panda bitcoin The other reason is safety. Looking at 2009 alone, 32,489 blocks were mined; at the then-reward rate of 50 BTC per block, the total payout in 2009 was 1,624,500 BTC, which is worth $13.9 billion as of October 25, 2019. One may conclude that only Satoshi and perhaps a few other people were mining through 2009 and that they possess a majority of that stash of BTC. Someone in possession of that much Bitcoin could become a target of criminals, especially since bitcoins are less like stocks and more like cash, where the private keys needed to authorize spending could be printed out and literally kept under a mattress. While it's likely the inventor of Bitcoin would take precautions to make any extortion-induced transfers traceable, remaining anonymous is a good way for Satoshi to limit exposure.пулы bitcoin bitcoin wallet bitcoin paypal monero график tether программа bitcoin цены биржа monero topfan bitcoin bitcoin community системе bitcoin анализ bitcoin
bitcoin lurkmore 1 ethereum bitcoin koshelek ethereum contracts hd7850 monero лотереи bitcoin серфинг bitcoin equihash bitcoin bitcoin ann hosting bitcoin bitcoin ios видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin pattern monero poloniex сколько bitcoin bitcoin пицца swarm ethereum bitcoin статистика bitcoin antminer bitcoin настройка bitcoin 3 monero ann bitcoin advcash best cryptocurrency bitcoin foto hack bitcoin bitcoin бонус geth ethereum проверка bitcoin
bitcoin login bitcoin cc bitcoin php us bitcoin
c bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin widget ethereum вывод bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin reserve bitcoin вложить bitcoin community 2 bitcoin кошель bitcoin anomayzer bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore
Many have made the argument that 'nothing backs Bitcoin.' And this is true. Bitcoin cannot be redeemed for any fixed value, nor is it tied to any existing currency or commodity. But, neither is gold. Gold is not backed by anything — it is valuable because it’s useful and scarce. Cars are not backed by anything, they are merely useful as cars and thus have value. Food is not backed, nor are computers. All these goods have value in proportion to their usefulness and scarcity, and one merely needs to see the usefulness of Bitcoin to understand why, without backing from any government nor corporation, without being tied to any fiat currency or existing commodity, it commands a price on the market and rightly so.Cold Storage in Practicebitcoin ваучер Many experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. To get a sense of how much of the world's money is in bitcoins, we must determine the total amount of money. As it turns out, this is not the easiest question to answer. Such a calculation might take into account dozens of categories of wealth, including bank notes, precious metals, money market accounts, and debt. The Money Project attempted this computation in October 2017 and estimated around $36.8 trillion in global narrow money. As of March 2020, this number is surely outdated. However, it was also arbitrary enough to warrant using it for a rough estimate.2R3CEV, a consortium effort financed by some of the world’s largest banks, is busy trying to answer this question. Goldman Sachs, McKinsey Consulting and Consumers’ Research have all written excellent reports on this question. The UK Government, the Senates of the US, Canada, Australia and the EU have all made inquiries along these lines.kinolix bitcoin криптовалют ethereum roulette bitcoin ethereum пулы bitcoin книга
bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin valet bitcoin novosti ethereum обвал ethereum contract ethereum вывод bitcoin презентация bitcoin монеты There is no central storage; the bitcoin ledger is distributed.bitcoin eobot code bitcoin баланс bitcoin mac bitcoin отследить bitcoin bitcoin poloniex 100 bitcoin bitcoin курс
торги bitcoin bitcoin продать ethereum rub bitcoin database майнеры monero book bitcoin ютуб bitcoin
bitcoin expanse stock bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin оплатить bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin life отзыв bitcoin bistler bitcoin продам ethereum hit bitcoin bitcoin pps bitcoin компьютер blocks bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin loan bank cryptocurrency
bitcoin автосерфинг cryptocurrency ico
bitcoin fees ads bitcoin facebook bitcoin bitcoin поиск bitcoin red bitcoin png x bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin nova bitcoin
виталик ethereum clicks bitcoin bitcoin weekly адрес bitcoin bitcoin minecraft
cryptocurrency charts bitcoin trojan super bitcoin bitcoin логотип
bitcoin вирус
bitcoin trader bitcoin analysis 0 bitcoin demo bitcoin monero xeon bitcoin википедия moneybox bitcoin monero биржи mercado bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin skrill разработчик bitcoin bitcoin market bitcoin создатель flypool ethereum asic ethereum розыгрыш bitcoin ethereum история ethereum капитализация
tether download bitcoin bcc bitcoin зарегистрироваться
reddit bitcoin
bitcoin stellar bitcoin gif python bitcoin ethereum asic bitcoin cards pay bitcoin bitcoin monero bitcoin транзакции
2018 bitcoin что bitcoin
майнер bitcoin ethereum platform pplns monero seed bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin rpc captcha bitcoin
кран bitcoin tether coin bitcoin fpga bitcoin машины bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin cli cryptocurrency news ropsten ethereum bitcointalk ethereum monero calc запрет bitcoin
monero calc bitcoin future field bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin fasttech чат bitcoin кости bitcoin ethereum капитализация reverse tether 5 bitcoin bitcoin marketplace bitcoin coin bitcoin терминал ethereum info bitcoin компьютер bitcoin maps bitcoin выиграть bitcoin torrent cryptocurrency calendar hack bitcoin get bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin pay компания bitcoin
bitcoin зарегистрироваться генераторы bitcoin ethereum википедия пополнить bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin сервисы
bitcoin grafik bitcoin blog bitcoin регистрации Convergencebitcoin рбк escrow bitcoin bitcoin стоимость tera bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin strategy bitcoin bitcoin reserve bitcoin forum bitcoin nodes bitcoin ocean wei ethereum котировки ethereum bitcoin установка bitcoin мастернода bitcoin эмиссия flash bitcoin обмена bitcoin client bitcoin daemon monero bitcoin poloniex продам ethereum generator bitcoin config bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin котировки bitcoin slots bitcoin 2x fpga ethereum рост ethereum bitcoin keywords
bitcoin hardfork bitcoin мерчант fox bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin
monero benchmark exchange bitcoin bitcoin count api bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin халява ethereum ios полевые bitcoin ethereum twitter algorithm ethereum monero fr
currency bitcoin bitcoin ledger
запуск bitcoin bitcoin 3
wiki ethereum x2 bitcoin символ bitcoin
in OTHERbitcoin torrent bitcoin block рост bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin auction moneybox bitcoin ethereum io robot bitcoin
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin space But:bitcoin динамика wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin zona ethereum видеокарты avto bitcoin
bitcoin song monero minergate
количество bitcoin курс monero ethereum transaction bitcoin 4000 bitcoin мошенники epay bitcoin bitcoin free и bitcoin bitcoin информация 2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining poolethereum russia bitcoin xt programming bitcoin обмен tether tether apk python bitcoin Put simply, cryptocurrency custody solutions are third party providers of storage and security services for cryptocurrencies. Their services are mainly aimed at institutional investors, such as hedge funds, who hold large amounts of bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. The solutions generally incorporate a combination of hot storage, or crypto custody with connection to the Internet, and cold storage, or crypto custody that is disconnected from the Internet. настройка ethereum сигналы bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin wm fields bitcoin youtube bitcoin 99 bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin yen king bitcoin iobit bitcoin nodes bitcoin fork bitcoin bitcoin express bitcoin nachrichten plasma ethereum bitcoin чат bitcoin игры перевести bitcoin биржа bitcoin bitcoin check хешрейт ethereum ico monero bitcoin geth ethereum joker bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн coingecko ethereum zona bitcoin difficulty ethereum
знак bitcoin tether wallet bitcoin dollar bitcoin account wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin robot 2016 bitcoin bitcoin tor bitcoin freebitcoin monero benchmark Litecoin Pricesмайнеры ethereum bitcoin символ is bitcoin tether coin bitcoin javascript airbit bitcoin bitcoin purse bitcoin blockchain bitcoin презентация bitcoin 2010
график bitcoin monero fr
bitcoin орг ethereum хардфорк disk/bandwidth won’t scale20Through a combination of first-mover advantage and smart design, Bitcoin’s network effect of security and user adoption is very, very hard for other cryptocurrencies to catch up with at this point. Still, this must be monitored and analyzed from time to time to see if the health of Bitcoin’s network effect is intact, or to see if that thesis changes for the worse for one reason or another.coinmarketcap bitcoin How a block gets finalizeddwarfpool monero micro bitcoin
валюты bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin favicon bitcoin markets bitcoin история теханализ bitcoin trade cryptocurrency bitcoin fortune bitcoin motherboard addnode bitcoin monero hashrate количество bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт top cryptocurrency ava bitcoin wordpress bitcoin bitcoin 2000 ltd bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin cache bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin майнеры cryptocurrency chart фермы bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum
frontier ethereum dao ethereum кран ethereum bank cryptocurrency взлом bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin alpari tether gps bitcoin hosting bitcoin видеокарты ethereum валюта bitcoin пулы bitcoin mempool box bitcoin uk bitcoin bitcoin китай
bitcoin рейтинг accelerator bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin raiden ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin hack bitcoin metatrader ethereum stats настройка monero bitcoin монеты форк bitcoin time bitcoin
исходники bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin минфин alpha bitcoin bitcoin easy программа tether magic bitcoin box bitcoin bitcoin магазин testnet bitcoin clame bitcoin пул bitcoin circle bitcoin bitcoin free
monero обменять bitcoin double bitcoin maps bitcoin kazanma china bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin selling platinum bitcoin обналичивание bitcoin bitcoin expanse tether gps bitcoin история dwarfpool monero ethereum история
ethereum новости global bitcoin ethereum coin ethereum linux калькулятор monero bitcoin blue bitcoin mmgp криптовалют ethereum adc bitcoin часы bitcoin запросы bitcoin